week 14

1.      arch=>1.chief, most important, rule e.g. monarch - a king or queen; archenemy -           

chief or worst enemy

2.primitive, ancient e.g. archaeology - the study of ancient cultures

     3.拱門:研究拱門怎麼蓋的學問 architecture (建築學)

2.  tragedy: tragedy is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes in

Its audience an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in the viewing.

3.  tragic hero: a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat. For example: Oedipus Oedipus killed his father without knowing who he was and married his mother. After knowing what he had done , he put out his own eyes and exiled himself. Oedipus's own faults contribute to the tragic hero's downfall, as opposed to having fate be the sole cause.

4. tragic flaw (hamartia): Hamartia as it pertains to dramatic literature was first used by Aristotle in his Poetics. In tragedy, hamartia is the protagonist’s error or flaw that leads to a chain of plot actions culminating in a reversal from his/her good fortune to bad. For example, in Oedipus the king, Oedipus’s hamartia is that he found he was the murderer who actually killed his father.

5. hubris: Hubris means extreme pride or self-confidence. When it offends the Gods of ancient Greece, it is usually punished. Hubris is usually perceived as a characteristic of an individual rather than a group, although the group the offender belongs to may suffer consequences from the wrongful act. Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality and an overestimation of one's own competence, accomplishments or capabilities, especially when the person exhibiting it is in a position of power.

6. Catharsis: catharsis is the purification and purgation of emotions—especially pity

and fear—through art or any extreme change in emotion that results in

renewal and restoration. It is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in

the Poetics to describe the effects of tragedy on the spectator.

7. classical unities: classical unities are rules for drama derived from a passage in Aristotle's Poetics. In their neoclassical form they are as follows:

1.The unity of action: a play should have one main action that it follows, with no or few subplots.

2.The unity of place: a play should cover a single physical space and should not attempt to compress geography, nor should the stage represent more than one place.

3.The unity of time: the action in a play should take place over no more than 24 hours.